This guide provides a comprehensive overview of I/O streams, basic file operations, and function concepts in C++. It covers everything from reading and writing files to understanding procedural abstraction and function usage in programming.
| 💻 Concept | 📖 Syntax | ✅ Use Case |
|---|---|---|
| I/O Streams | ifstream, ofstream | Reading/Writing to files |
| Function Declaration | Type_returned Function_Name(Parameter_List); | Declaring a function before use |
| Type Casting | static_cast<Type>(variable) | Converting variable types in calculations |
🧱 Core Concepts
I/O Streams
I/O refers to input and output in programs. Input can come from:
- The keyboard
- A file
Output can be directed to:
- The screen
- A file
A stream is a flow of data, with input streams bringing data into the program and output streams sending data out.
File Input and Output
To work with files, include necessary directives:
#include <fstream>using namespace std;
For reading:
- Declare an input stream using
ifstream inputStream; - Open a file with `inputStream.open(